In a survival situation is it actually efficient to eat edible plants?
In a survival situation is it actually efficient to eat edible plants? Assume late spring to early fall in a temperate climate.
We have plenty of questions about where to find edible plants and how to identify them, but I have read that one would expend more energy in gathering them than it would be worth and that the energy would be better spent trying to get back to civilization.
If I remember correctly, nuts are energy efficient enough to be worth gathering, but berries are not.
Is there any evidence to back this up one way or another?
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There are a couple of long quality answers. This is the short simple version.
There are either berries or not, if there are berries, and you know they are safe, eat them.
If your sitting and waiting to be rescued, you might as well spend your time eating the nearby berries if they are there. There no reason not to.
If you are traveling and there are berries stop and eat them, you need to rest anyway, and there is no better way to rest then eating berries.
Berries exist therefore they provide nutrition. A non-nutritious berry would not support the animal distributing the seeds, an evolutionary dead end...
Also consider berries are mostly fluid (i.e. water) berries are the flavored water of nature.
The above is very berrie centric answer. But it really doesn't matter, if you are not moving, and near a known safe food source, you should eat it. Humans evolved as Hunter-gatherers with some still following it.
Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history.
See Related When to know it's worth to start with agriculture?
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I looked first at bears to get a handle on this question, because it is well known that bears get a significant part of their caloric intake from berries. I should have looked first at berries!
According to Blueberry Nutrition Facts, one quart of blueberries has 340 calories.
Let's assume that the lost person of the Q expends 4,000 calories per day trying to get unlost. Let's also assume that he or she started out, like most of us, a little bit too well fed, so some of his caloric requirements are met by body fat.
In one month of being lost (probably a large overestimate), assume 2,000 calories per day of body fat are mobilized, 62,000 calories for the month, which is the equivalent of 18 pounds. (One pound of fat has about 3,500 calories. Ignore mobilization efficiency.) Unless the person started out extremely thin, losing 18 pounds is not a serious problem.
In that month, the person has to eat 2,000 calories per day of berries to make up his 4,000 calorie per day requirements. That is 6 quarts of blueberries per day.
How long does it take to pick 6 quarts of blueberries? According to Stewart's Berry Patch:
An experienced picker can generally pick about 8 - 10 pounds of blueberries in an hour. This is the equivalent to filling two plastic 4 litre ice cream buckets. In order to pick this many berries in an hour, one needs to be using both hands.
This, of course, is on a berry farm, where the berry bushes are extremely close together and bred for high yield. But it suggests that if you hit a dense patch of blueberries, you can easily pick 2,000 calories worth in a few hours.
But the catch is: There will be bears in that berry patch.
So the answer to the question is: if you are in an area with abundant berries, you can easily survive for the length of the berry season, (possibly without loss of weight) if you can survive the bears. If you are in an area with only scattered berries, you probably cannot get 2,000 calories per day (6 quarts per day) from berries, and will need nuts and even more holes in your belt.
TLDR: The original version of this answer used data about grizzly bear caloric requirements, black bear berry consumption and human caloric requirements to get an answer of 10 quarts (2.5 gallons) of berries per day for 2,000 calories per day, as opposed to the more direct calculation of 6 quarts per day. I estimated an error bar of a factor of 2, and the direct calculation (above) was 60% of the baroque calculation.
I used the following data:
From The North American Bear Center:
Bears around Ely [Minnesota] gain weight most rapidly during July and August when berries and hazelnuts are abundant. When the berries run out in September, there is little else to eat. The bears usually enter dens in September or October.
According to Animal Answers, grizzly bears eat about 20,000 calories a day. The answer from The North American Bear Center (link above) estimates that black bears eat about 30,000 berries a day.
Using a rough grizzly/black bear calories per day to berries per day conversion, the person has to eat roughly 3,000 berries per day.
According to Produce Converter:
The size of these berries ran between .25 to .5 inches in diameter. We found that a 1 pound container (450g) holds about 3 to 3.5 cups or 195 to 210 fresh blueberries. For a 1 quart measurement you would need to purchase about 1.5 pounds which equals about 4.25 cups.
So 300 blueberries need a one quart container. 3,000 blueberries thus occupies 10 quarts or 2.5 gallons.
This post was sourced from https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/a/20766. It is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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People make lots of claims. You can find all kinds of suggestions when you research this, some of it even from people who are considered experts. In the end, all you can do is use some basic logic and look at some real, anecdotal events.
For long term survival, if you can attempt to get back to civilization, that is always recommended. People often suggest that you sit tight and wait for help if it is a survival situation, but that only applies until dying of starvation sounds more likely than being rescued.
In the case of Geraldine Largay, who got lost on the Appalachian trail:
Multiple agencies and volunteers joined the hunt, with searchers on foot, on horseback and in helicopters. She was less than a mile from the trail, close enough that searchers probably passed near her without realizing it.
They were searching for her but could not find her. She stayed put since she had a bad sense of direction, but before the end if she had just walked in a random direction she may have had a roughly 50% chance of hitting the nearby trail. Obviously, she should have tried to get back.
Another high profile case in which someone would have died had they not self-rescued, but in this case where he did self-rescue and survived because of it, is the case of Aron Ralston. You've probably heard of him. He is the guy that we don't like to think about because
(spoiler because it's gruesome)
he had to cut off his own arm with a dull knife to save himself.
If he had continued to wait for rescue, he would have perished like Geraldine.
More support comes from watching survival experts (albeit self-proclaimed generally) try to survive in the wilderness and starving. Many have died.
You can watch this for yourself (starving, not dying) on the TV show Alone, in which contestants try to be the longest to survive alone in the wilderness. The contestants receive periodic medical checkups, and people have been pulled medically for being too badly starved. One season was won this way, and the winner was on the verge of being pulled medically as well.
Alone is an interesting source for examining your question, as there have been several plant expert survivalists on the show. They have shown us that if you are an expert in locating and identifying plants and if you combine this with some other food, such as a few fish, that you can survive for a long time, much longer than if you were to sit still and conserve energy. But even then, they slowly lose mass and would probably eventually die, especially once winter reduces their food supplies.
I do not recall if anyone has ever survived on 100% edible plants on the show, but some of them do survive on predominantly plants. There are a few people who do plants, including sea kelp, and bugs or slugs.
There are other evidences as well, including actual survival, which back up this assessment based on Alone, but I think this one is sufficient as it shows us dozens of actual accounts and you can see the survival first hand on video.
Summary
Based on the case of Geraldine Largay and similar cases, it seems highly inadvisable to avoid self-rescue forever, no matter how uncertain you are: eventually you need to at least attempt to rescue yourself.
Based on the survivors in Alone, it is evidence that edible plants can prolong your survival, but it is also evidence that the vast majority of people will not survive indefinitely that way. The plants could help you wait longer in the hopes of being rescued in place, but even so eventually you still need to fall back eventually on self rescue if enough time passes.
This post was sourced from https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/a/20765. It is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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