What are the vitamin considerations for extended backpacking
For short hikes you can generally ignore nutritional concerns, because you don't generally become malnourished in two days. However, for a long trip like the Appalachian Trail or other long hikes (at least a month and possibly more) what considerations should be taken with vitamins that do no exist with an overnight or short trip.
What specific vitamin needs are going to increase and what vitamins are likely to be depleted on this length of trip? Which can I just stock up on in town vs. those which will need to be available and consumed on trail.
I won't use multivitamins (personal choice). I am really looking for an authoritative list of vitamins needed and sources to get those.
Edit: Made more clear, limited to just vitamins to avoid confusion.
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From your question, it sounds like you already have a plan to supply your body with calories. I'll further assume you will have protein and fat, not just carbohydrates.
With those covered, you then need vitamins and minerals. Fiber is a good idea, too.
It is possible to be healthy eating only wild animal foods (hunting / trapping) for quite some time, but you have to do it right. Eat the fat and the organs, as they are nutrient rich. (Lions eat only the organs, and leave the muscle to scavengers!) Liver is rich in Vitamin A, which is great but must be balanced with Vitamin D.
Very lean meats such as rabbit will leave you nutrient-deficient (if that's all you eat), so you'll still need to fill in the gaps another way.
If you learn a few edible wild plants for your area, you can round out your nutritional needs very nicely. I believe that wild plants tend to have much higher mineral and vitamin content than farmed plants.
Here in Pacific Northwest, I would focus on:
Miner's lettuce, so named because miners would eat it for this very reason. It's very tasty.
Stinging Nettle is very nutritious. I eat it raw, but most people will steam or boil it to avoid the stingers. The stems are good for cordage - maybe a bracelet to remember your trip.
Dandelion is nutritious and easy to find in many places. I love the yellow flowers, but dislike the stems immensely. Leaves are good, especially when new. Don't confuse it with catsear aka false dandelion.
These plants are easy to find & eat, and give you fresh leafy greens that you can't pack with you. To learn more, you can take a wild edibles class and get an edible wild plants book for your region.
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For such a long trip, however, you should do your best to make your diet a little closer to a home diet if at all possible. While not as convenient as an MRE, a variety of simple minimally processed whole grains, seeds, and nuts are easily transported and cooked on the trail and are nutritious enough to support civilizations. Whole wheat, quinoa, brown rice, whole oats, almonds, sesame, peanuts, etc. have excellent nutritional profiles. The grains pack easily and can provide the bulk of your calorie needs, and then you can supplement with backpacker's meals and other food.
Carry, buy, or gather fresh vegetable ingredients whenever possible. Look up food safety information for each food. Eggs will last for a time depending on conditions, and hard boiled eggs will last for longer. Powdered dairy and eggs are good enough. Tuna pouches(as compared to cans) don't have a lot of water. Dried vegetables such as peas, etc., lose some of their nutritional value but are useful. Dried fruits and meats are also useful.
Gathering food safely takes additional experience, but some herbs are foolproof. Everyone knows what a dandelion looks like and they are nutritious from the flower to the root. Their young greens and flower heads are the easiest to eat. You can learn about the mints and berries in your area as well, and with guidance and extreme prejudice you could learn about mushrooms, although once you are in the wilderness and away from hospitals is certainly not the time to learn about them.
It is reasonable to take a daily "active" multi-vitamin to cover your bases, because with a diet of portable food you probably won't have enough variety of fresh foods. Its simpler and safer than choosing an arsenal of specific vitamins, unless you have professional nutritional guidance.
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First, Freeze-dried Vegetables. Unfortunately, the texture isn't quite right, but it works.
Secondly, if you want actual FRESH veggies, then I'd recommend sprouts grown in your pack
Thirdly, if you will be resupplied during the trip, arrange a few fruits/veggies from the local store. I know through-hikers will go into town on resupply-day and eat in a restaurant, wash clothes in the laundromat, and get whatever other sundries needed at the local grocery/convenience store.
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