What is the safest way to purify water?

There is typically no need to purify water collected from natural sources in the wilderness. For example, in a survey of 69 sites in the U.S Sierra Nevada, every site had concentrations of Giardia cysts much too low to make anyone sick.[Rockwell 2002] The perception that backcountry water is unsafe to drink without treatment is folk wisdom that is controverted by the available scientific evidence, at least in the backcountry areas in the US such as the Sierra that have been extensively studied. Of course none of this applies outside of the backcountry, e.g., you certainly don't want to drink water in Arkansas that comes from runoff from a poultry farm.

When people do actually contract backpacker's diarrhea from exposure during a hiking trip, by far the most common reason is hand-to-mouth contamination.[Welch 1995] The most effective disease prevention measures are to wash your hands after pooping, refrain from sharing pots and pans, and use freezer-bag cooking so that food never goes in your pots.

If you do want to purify your water, there's a lot to be said for UV (steripen), which is one of the few methods that will kill all three types of disease-causing organisms: viruses, bacteria, and protozoan cysts. Unlike boiling and halogens, it gives you water that you can drink immediately while hiking during the day.

For more detail, I have a long article on this topic here, with lots of citations to reliable scientific and medical sources: Drinking Water for Hiking: Myths and Facts. I realize that my answer goes against the conventional wisdom, and that's why I've provided references to scientific papers in this answer, as well as much more extensive references in the longer article.

Rockwell 2002 - Robert L. Rockwell, Sierra Nature Notes, Volume 2, January 2002,

Welch 1995 - Thomas R. Welch and Timothy P. Welch, "Giardiasis as a threat to backpackers in the United States: a survey of state health departments," Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 6 (1995) 162.

posted over 11 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

Ben Crowell‭

751 reputation 42 185 81 0

I have no science to back me up, but the SAFEST way would be boiling. Since water all boils at the same point; you know as soon as it starts rolling that the nasties are all being killed. Hold at a rolling boil for 2 minutes (as I was taught), and it is safe to drink.

posted almost 13 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

Pulsehead‭

101 reputation 1 21 10 0

Boiling is the best thing to do, as stated already - I was always taught to boil for 2 minutes and then it's safe. (Far from an accepted time though. For debate on how long you should boil, see here: How long does water need to be boiled for to kill all bacteria / viruses?)

As pointed out below though it may be wise to use a filter to get rid of any toxic metals prior to boiling. I've personally not had an issue with them but it depends heavily on the area, and better safe than sorry!

In situations where you can't boil it then chlorine tablets can be an alternative; while I don't have a source to hand I'm sure that I read they're generally recommended above iodine tablets because the latter if used extensively over time can damage the thyroid.

posted almost 13 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

berry120‭

626 reputation 52 134 77 0

Fecal contamination should not really be an issue unless someone is already sick. Recent research has suggested that even eating ones own poop should not make you sick. Fecal transplants is a new way of treating some issues that form from a lack of flora in your gut. Can You Eat Your Own Poop? I for one would use something to treat the water. My cousin hiked the Sierra MTS a few years ago and contracted giardia so just from that knowledge I would definetely treat the water with something.

posted almost 11 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

greg‭

1 reputation 0 1 0 0

If safety is your primary concern, then the only two methods can guarantee safety from major contaminants (microbial or otherwise) these are Distillation and Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Boiling alone will leave most contaminants in the water, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, etc... multi-stage distillation will both kill pathogens and leave most contaminants in the residue.

Distillation can be carried out using a solar still if a fire and appropriate equipment isn't available. One stage distillation is usually enough unless the water source is heavily contaminated.

Reverse Osmosis

Is usually combined with another method of filtration/purification, but has very high water purity if used properly, although the energy required and the efficiency when using low pressures (like a hand pump) make this a poor choice when hiking.

Ensuring safety

In both cases, the water really should be filtered until clear beforehand for the best results and ease of use, although this is not strictly necessary.

For the best results, purifications/filtration methods should be used together, for example, activated carbon filtration of distilled water (to remove volatile organic copounds) or chlorination of water recovered by reverse osmosis.

Distillation and reverse osmosis are also the only two methods mentioned so far able to desalinate seawater and recycle urine.

For example, The ISS uses a low pressure distilation system to recover drinking water.

You will need to re-mineralise the water in both cases, both for taste and electrolytes.

Both methods require a lot of energy, but will guarantee exceptionally safe water.

posted over 11 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

brice‭

1 reputation 0 1 0 0

I would get a ceramic filter that is rated to remove metals like arsenic (this is a particular issue in the UK where most surface water in the wild country can harbour arsenic - but I'd rather assume all ground water to be 'tainted' than drink it and become poisoned). I've used some hand-pumped filters which can draw water from a lake or river, and filter at the rate of about a litre a minute.

Then, drop an chlorine tab into the water - this usually requires 30 minutes to completely kill off biologic contamination. You can then get neutralisers to remove the taste of the chlorine from the water.

Boiling shouldn't be necessary after this treatment - unless you want a cuppa.

One thing - do not rely on the apparent clarity of the water - bacteria/viruses and dissolved metals will almost always be invisible to the naked eye.

posted almost 13 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

HorusKol‭

91 reputation 1 20 9 0

If boiling isn't an option, aqua mira is usually a good choice. It's a doddle to use, and is very effective. It doesn't make the water taste like soap either, like some of the tablets do.

posted over 12 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

Sirex‭

16 reputation 2 4 2 0

This is an excellent article from from REI.
Your choices include:

• Pump-style filters and purifiers
• Gravity-fed filters and purifiers
• Ultraviolet light pen purifiers
• Sip/squeeze bottles with in-line filtering straws
• Chemical tablets
• Boiling

Boiling alone is very effective the problems that is takes a lot of time. You pretty much need to do it at camp.

Another factor is filtered water tastes better. Chemicals make the water taste worse.

Have a filter (or one of the other options) for when you need water on the trail. Leaving camp with 3 liters of water is 6.5 lbs. Viruses are rarely found in North American wilderness waters.

As for heavy metals. If there are heavy metals in the water then not reason to go hiking there. Heavy metals are not naturally occurring in the wilderness.

Bring a collapsible water bucket for camp so you don't have to multiple trips.

Not yet mentioned is lots of large particles in the water.

You will fowl the filter faster with large the particles. Most filters backwash to restore most of the flow but still better to get rid of the big stuff first.

If you boil you still don't want to drink water that looks like that. And it does not taste good.

Just put the water in a vessel and let the large particles drop to the bottom. A good share will drop in 2 hours and after 8 you are not going to get much more drop out.

For cooking water you can use it direct as you are going to boil it anyway.

Bring a small siphon tube and place the container high enough the water bottle is below it.

posted about 8 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

paparazzo‭

441 reputation 1 155 46 0

This Discovery News article says:

A simple and inexpensive — but not necessarily the best tasting — method of purifying wild water is by dropping in a couple of purification tablets or drops. The most common chemical used is iodine, but chlorine or potassium permanganate are also effective. Let the chemicals treat the water for at least 20 minutes before consuming, and mix it with powdered mixes to mask any of its taste.

posted about 9 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

RV Park‭

31 reputation 0 12 3 0

When you're asking for the safest way to purify water, you're asking for the method that removes the most harmful stuff from the water, like bacteria, viruses and larger impurities like mud or sand.

No one method is really perfect at removing everything, so I usually use a two-stage approach:

• Filter: If the water source is cloudy, your first step should be to remove the larger impurities. You can buy expensive pump filters for this, or you can just pour the water through a sock, bandanna, or any other tightly-woven fabric to remove the larger stuff.

  Note that you can probably skip this step if the water you're collecting is clear and fast-moving.

• Boil: Heat sterilization is really the only sure-fire way to kill bacteria, viruses and other undesirable microbial life in your water. It's a commonly used technique to clean medical instruments since it's so effective.

  It does require a heat source, and it'll take some time to get a full rolling boil. But if you're at all worried about the quality of your water, it's your safest bet.

Edit: As commenters noted, if you're in an area with potential chemical pollutants or metals in the water, you should filter even if the water appears clear. But if you're really in a situation where mother nature's water has been tainted by man-made waste, you should probably pack in all of your own water anyways.

posted almost 13 years ago

CC BY-SA 3.0

Hartley Brody‭

71 reputation 1 14 7 0